Geology

This is the largest Anastasia limestone outcrop on the Atlantic coast, and when a high tide coincides with an onshore swell the sea funnels through blowholes in the rock and erupts in plumes that can reach fifty feet. It is genuinely spectacular and genuinely conditional - on a calm day at low tide you get an interesting rocky beach and nothing more. Check the tide chart and the swell before you go. The Nature Conservancy runs the preserve and there is a small visitor centre. Climbing on the rocks is dangerous when the surf is running, which is exactly when it is worth watching.

Florida’s highest waterfall is not what you would expect: a stream runs across flat ground, reaches the edge of a cylindrical sinkhole a hundred feet deep, and falls seventy-three feet into it. The water then vanishes into the aquifer, and its destination has never been established. A boardwalk and stairs descend to viewing platforms inside the sink. It is a short walk, well shaded, and genuinely strange. The fall depends entirely on rainfall - after a dry month it can be a trickle or nothing, so ask when you call. There is a small spring-fed lake for swimming and a campground.

Florida is riddled with caves but almost all of them are underwater; Florida Caverns is the one dry cave with public tours. Rangers lead groups through decorated rooms of stalactites, stalagmites, soda straws and flowstone, on a paved path with lighting, taking about forty-five minutes. It stays at 65 degrees, which in a Panhandle August is the main attraction. There are low sections that require ducking, so it is not stroller-friendly. Tour tickets are sold same-day on a first-come basis and sell out on holiday weekends. Above ground there are trails, a spring-fed swimming area and camping.

The Camuy river carved one of the biggest cave networks on the planet, and the park tour takes you into it comfortably: a trolley runs down through a sinkhole into Cueva Clara, a chamber some 170 feet high with formations lit along a paved walkway, and a guide explains the geology and the Taíno petroglyphs. The river itself is visible far below. The whole visit runs about ninety minutes and is easy walking. The park has closed for extended periods after hurricanes and earthquakes and has reopened in stages with partial tours, so confirming it is open before driving out is not optional.

This is an old quarry where Flagler’s crews cut building stone out of an ancient reef, and the saw marks left behind sliced clean through fossil coral. The result is a set of stone corridors where you can walk up and put your hand on a brain coral that was alive when the sea was higher and this was underwater. It takes about an hour, is entirely shaded, and is the best rainy-hour option in the upper Keys. Children who like dinosaurs tend to like this a great deal. Hours are limited and it closes some days of the week, so check before driving out.

A barren, otherworldly landscape of wind-sculpted red rock formations and boulders that looks like the surface of Mars. Hawaiian legend says the rocks were placed here by the gods. The red, orange, and purple colors of the rock against the blue sky are striking, especially at sunrise and sunset when the light is warm. Kids love climbing on the rocks and the landscape is so unusual it sparks their imagination. A 4WD vehicle is needed to reach the site. Views of Molokai across the channel add to the drama. There are no facilities so bring everything you need.

Known as the Grand Canyon of the Adirondacks, this 500-million-year-old sandstone gorge is one of the oldest tourist attractions in the United States. Walkways and bridges take you along the rim and down into the gorge where the Ausable River has carved dramatic formations in the rock. Kids are amazed by the towering walls and the optional raft ride through the rapids at the end is a thrilling finish. Rock climbing, rappelling, and river tubing are available for older kids who want more adrenaline.

Dramatic pointed clay spires rising over 150 feet above the shore of Lake Ontario, sculpted by wind, rain, and waves into shapes that look like something from another planet. The Bluff Trail along the rim gives top-down views of these formations while the Beach Trail offers a look from below. The formations are constantly changing and eroding so they look different every year. Kids are fascinated by the alien landscape. Stay on marked trails as the clay edges are unstable. It is genuinely one of the most unique natural sites in New York.

A unique geological park with a glacial plunge basin lake surrounded by 175-foot cliffs. Glacier Lake at the bottom of the basin is a deep green meromictic lake. Trails wind along the rim and down to the lake shore with views into the rocky basin. The geology here is fascinating and interpretive signs explain how glaciers carved the landscape. The park is small but packs a lot of natural drama into a compact area. Rock climbing is popular on the cliff faces. A great short nature outing near Syracuse.

A short walk across a windswept point to a formation of sharp, jagged lava rock teeth jutting upward from the coastline that looks like a dragon rising from the earth. The rock formations were created by lava meeting the ocean and are unlike anything else on Maui. Kids are fascinated by the shapes and the crashing waves around the point add drama. An ancient Hawaiian labyrinth made of stones sits nearby. The walk is short and flat but the terrain is uneven lava so watch footing. Great whale watching spot in winter.

A privately operated nature attraction with steel walkways and bridges built right into the granite walls of the Ausable River gorge. Kids get an up-close look at four major waterfalls crashing through ancient rock formations while staying safe on the fenced walkways. The whole loop takes about 30 to 45 minutes and is manageable even for younger children. A gem mining station and nature trails add to the experience. In winter the frozen falls are spectacular and snowshoe trails are available.

One of the most visited natural attractions in New York with guided tours through a massive cave system 156 feet underground. The 80-minute walking tour includes a boat ride on an underground lake that kids think is magical. Limestone formations, narrow passages, and the sheer scale of the caverns are genuinely impressive. The temperature underground is a constant 52 degrees making it a great rainy-day or hot-day activity. An above-ground adventure park with ropes courses and zip lines adds outdoor fun.

A short loop trail through a forest of eerie lava molds left behind when a lava flow swept through a forest of ohia trees in 1790. The trees burned away but the hardened lava preserved their shapes, creating hollow pillars and ghostly tree-shaped columns. Kids think the formations look like petrified forest creatures. The 0.7-mile paved loop is easy and shaded. It is a quick stop that vividly demonstrates the power of volcanic activity in a way kids can see and touch. The surrounding forest has regrown around the formations creating a beautiful contrast.

A spectacular 4-mile round trip coastal trail along Kauai last undeveloped south shore coastline. The trail passes ancient sand dunes turned to stone (lithified dunes), dramatic sea cliffs, tide pools, blowholes, and a sinkhole with an ancient Hawaiian petroglyph cave. Kids are fascinated by the geological formations and the wild coastline. Humpback whales and monk seals are seen from the trail in winter. The trail is mostly flat but exposed to sun and wind. This is one of the most geologically interesting hikes in Hawaii.

The largest marble cave entrance in the eastern US sits at the center of this family-friendly nature park. Self-guided trails wind past caves, waterfalls, and geological formations that kids find genuinely fascinating. The stone bridge itself is massive and the gorge below it is dramatic. A gem mining sluice keeps younger kids busy for a long time. Seasonal activities include snowshoe trails in winter. It is a privately run park so expect a polished experience with good signage and clean restrooms.

A privately run nature park with a one-mile trail winding through massive ancient rock formations with crevices, passageways, and caves that kids can explore. The rock outcroppings are over 300 million years old and rise up to 60 feet high. Kids absolutely love squeezing through narrow passages and climbing on the rocks. Some crevices require flashlights and a sense of adventure. The forest of old-growth hemlock and white pine adds to the atmosphere. This is one of those places where kids beg to go back.

A dramatic escarpment park with cliff-top views stretching 40 miles across the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys. The Indian Ladder Trail is the signature hike, descending along the cliff face on stairs and walkways behind a waterfall. Kids love walking behind the waterfall and the geology exposed in the cliff face spans millions of years. The park has over 25 miles of trails, a swimming pool, playgrounds, and picnic areas. The Helderberg Escarpment is one of the richest fossil-bearing rock formations in the world.

One of the best-preserved caves in Texas staying a constant 72 degrees year round which makes it a brilliant beat-the-heat option on a blazing Austin summer day. Kids are wowed by the massive stalactites and stalagmites on the one-mile paved Adventure Tour and the guides pace the experience well for families with younger children. The cavern was discovered in 1963 during highway construction and still contains Ice Age fossils of mammoths and giant sloths which gives kids something genuinely cool to talk about afterward. Tours depart every 20 to 30 minutes so you rarely wait long.

A dramatic limestone gorge carved by a massive flood in 2002 that exposed layers of rock millions of years old along with real dinosaur footprints and fossils. Access is by guided tour only through the Gorge Preservation Society and kids who are into geology or dinosaurs will be absolutely riveted. The guides are knowledgeable and make the science accessible for school-age children. Tours require advance registration and fill up fast.